pineapple and honey benefits for ladies

Related: Cant Shake That Nagging Cough? The high calcium intake is not only available from dairy product with the Health Benefits of Drinking Fresh Cow Milk or Health Benefits Of Fish Bone Soup . 2. But if you want to avoid cutting it, many grocery stores offer pre-cut pineapple. Pineapple is an excellent source of vitamin C, which is important for supporting bone health and may reduce your risk of osteoporosis. Boost the body's immune system. 10 Benefits of Pineapple Sexually For Men And Women. However, if you have a vaginal odor and discharge that isnt normal for you, this could be a sign of an infection. This libido-boosting fruit (yes, its a fruit!) A new study finds there is a connection between womens reproductive history and heart health. On that note, you should avoid drinking unripe pineapple juice or consuming unripe fruit. One of the problems solved by pineapple consumption is when you awfully feel going to throw up, you can have some chunks of pineapple and feel better. So ladies, dont forget grab your pineapple juice in the middle your busy day. subscriptions at any time. (2020). Like- heart disease, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. The role of avocados in maternal diets during the periconceptional period, pregnancy, and lactation. Its properties might come in handy for reducing the odds of breast cancer. Eat more sweet potatoes for BV. Medical City Hospital, Faisal Not only does this delicious tropical fruit offer healing properties, it also, When aiming to soothe a cough, especially when children are sick, parents often reach for cough medications that contain dextromethorphan , We know that pineapple can assist undesirable symptoms, but where do the. (2016). They help reduce the irritation of the digestive system by leaving a protective coating around the inner walls, making it a natural way to promote intestinal health as well. Weve all heard or heeded the popular advice: Drink cranberry juice to treat UTIs. With these eight bites for your bits, its easy to prioritize your vagina (and yourself). 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33233252/. In fact, adequate intake of vitamin C has been linked to higher bone mass density and a reduced risk of osteoporosis and bone fracture (8). For example, it has enzymes that can help fight inflammation, diseases and other things. The Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. Quit spending your money on over-the-counter medications that only suppresses systems. In fact, pineapple has been used throughout Central and South America for centuries based on its ability to reduce inflammation. Dr. Zayed is an Amazon bestseller author and is a contributor to many famous medical websites, such as the Huffington Post. Nutrients in pineapple juice may help soothe symptoms of a cough or cold. This fruit also fits well into a variety of sweet and savory meals. Pineapple gets rid of free radicals and boosts the reproductive system. Turk J Urol. This way, pineapple is able to present health benefits of pineapple for females. To date, studies prove that bromelain is well-absorbed in the body. Many fruits considered to be good for female health, such bitter kola with health benefits of Health Benefits of Bitter Kola for Female Fertility and pineapple with its health benefits of pineapple for females. Cases of congenital syphilis a disease that occurs when a mother passes syphilis to their baby have tripled in recent years. (7), According to 2018 reports, vitamin C benefits testicular and erectile function. Grieger JA. Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical fruit that tastes great and is suitable for you. Of course, they should consume pineapple and the other beneficial fruits regularly in a particular time, not only prior the deed. There's also a little evidence that pineapple. Sadeghi N, et al. Overeating it can cause multiple symptoms, such as: (11). One cup (165 grams) of cubed pineapple provides approximately 18% of the DV for copper during pregnancy (1). The anti-inflammatory power of pineapples bromelainmay providepain relief for people with osteoarthritis. While theres no one-size-fits-all answer to what you should or shouldnt eat for optimal vaginal health, here are eight eats that work in favor of your lady bits. Today, I continue to carry on this healthy habit, and my favorite option is, of course, pineapple. Eur J Sport Sci. These greens are also rich in vitamin E, magnesium, and calcium, all of which are beneficial to muscle health including vaginal muscles. Thiamine helps boost your body's metabolism by converting carbohydrates into energy. 2016. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25604346/. The combo is believed to boost ovulation, restores menstruation and improves FERTILITY. If youre buying pineapple juice, look for 100% juice with no added sugars. Nutrients. Brkić D, et al. Add the word vaginal, and then its enough to make us squirm. Pineapple with excellent content of vitamins and mineral is able to support the health of females. All Rights Reserved By Chuper Food Stuff Trading. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Pineapple doesnt have to go it alone either. The idea that pineapples improve the taste of your vaginal discharge may not be altogether wrong. Bromelain is also thought to aid in digestion, though theres not enough scientific evidence to say for certain. The main benefit of pineapples sexually for men is that this fruit is pumped up with manganese and vitamin C. You can get 109% of the daily value of manganese in just a cup of fresh pineapple chunks. Taking cough medications are often the norm, but what if they didnt need to be? It was concluded that these positive effects were based on the presence of bromelain a mixture of enzymes, which offer both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Pineapple is an excellent source of vitamin C, which is important for supporting bone health and may reduce your risk of osteoporosis. To increase the smell of the sperm, consume a glass of pineapple juice with your meal. How often should underwear be replaced? Lin Y.-P, et al. But pineapple could be your diets BFF (best fruit friend) because its enzymes justmight helpwith fat burning. However, people have had the better sex life of applying this method. Registered Dietician Alina Petre says that pineapple juice provides a concentrated dose of various nutrients. Drinking pineapple water in the morning prevents sugar and fat cravings. Just a cup of fresh pineapple chunks is packed with ascorbic acid and vitamin C. This antioxidant and vitamin play a key role in collagen formation that forms hydroxyapatite. Antioxidants fight free radicals in your body. The anti-inflammatory properties of bromelain are also well-known. (2008). 12 Health Benefits of Greek Yogurt and Granola For Diet, 16 Health Benefits of Male Silk Moth for Males (No. Whats the best underwear for working out? Moreover, some people may be allergic to pineapple, and the bromelain in pineapple may interact with certain medications. 7 is Amazing), Health Benefits of Bitter Kola for Female Fertility, Benefits of Pineapple Fruit for Diet Treatments, Health Benefits of Fruit and Veggie Smoothies, Health Benefits of Drinking Fresh Cow Milk, Health Benefits of Pineapple to a Pregnant Woman, Health Benefits of Licorice Root Tea: From Digestive Health to Hair Care, 8 Health Benefits of Consuming Plums during Pregnancy, 7 Amazing Health Benefits of Sunflower Oil for Healthy Skin. Additionally, pineapple contains vitamin C and small amounts of iron, zinc, and calcium all of which are important for a healthy pregnancy (1, 19). Asma B, et al. Its not hard to see why this fruit, especially for males, is an aphrodisiac based on its nutritional value. Home Sexual Post 10 Benefits of Pineapple Sexually For Men And Women. (2022). Female has a higher risk of osteoporosis compared to male. The benefits of pineapple sexually can be useful for both men and women. When aiming to soothe a cough, especially when children are sick, parents often reach for cough medications that contain dextromethorphan a common cough suppressant. Hibiscus is part of this recipe as a great addition to the tea. Food Sci Biotechnol. Some people may go through allergy toward pineapple. Well, if you avoid the hard and tasteless core, you can just make a smoothie from the whole part of the fruit. (2015). Therefore, the high calcium food is important for females. Notify me via e-mail if anyone answers my comment. (2020). People who have a pineapple allergy, or are allergic to other tropical fruits, should not drink pineapple juice. So, heres how soy helps: Minimally-processed soy products are hydrophilic (which allows your muscles to retain more water) and contain isoflavones (a plant-derived phytoestrogen) that are beneficial for the skin in postmenopausal women. Instead, treat your cold, flu, or chest infection. What they found was that this natural mixture was far more effective at soothing both throat irritation and coughing. Add 1 teaspoon of honey to that paste. 3.1 Here are 28 impressive health benefits of pineapple. All Rights Reserved. Ernst AM, et al. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Your favorite toast topper is also great for your sex life who knew? In case of pineapple consumption, it helps female to have better smell and even taste down there. So, these are some of the amazing pineapple benefits sexually. Oral administration has no drastic side effects, even after a long time. (2018). juice in male Wistar rat. Although there is no evidence, the fruit could change the flavor and smell of a womans vaginal secretion. What should you wear if you have a yeast infection? Potential signs of allergies include (27): If you have a latex allergy, you may be more likely to have an allergic reaction to pineapple. Prenatal and postnatal choline supplementation in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Luckily, I wont be making this choice anymore, now that I understand the, Today, I continue to carry on this healthy habit, and my favorite option is, of course, pineapple. Pineapple can help men slightly raise their testosterone levels. As we know, every month, women suffer from pains during the menstruation such lower back pain, headache, and stomach cramps. The general rule of thumb is to skip foods with added sugars and trans fats, as well as any processed foods. Despite the claim that eating pineapple can be dangerous during pregnancy, theres currently no research to prove the notion. The fruit can benefit bone health and help prevent osteoporosis. One of the allergies appears as an allergic reaction to pineapple is inflammation and itching of the mouth, tongue, and skin because of the high acidity of pineapple. In 2010,a study published in Der Pharma Chemicacompared the effects of over-the-counter syrups with a combination of pineapple juice, honey, salt and pepper among tuberculosis patients. Saylam B, ayan S. Do antioxidants improve serum sex hormones and total motile sperm count in idiopathic infertile men? Last medically reviewed on April 27, 2020. Men: Consume no more than 9 teaspoons daily of added sugars (150 calories). Pineapple is sweet enough to rival most candies and it packs way more health benefits. Eating a balanced diet and drinking plenty of fluids will also help keep you smelling fresh. Is menstrual cramping getting you down? And help the body heal burns and wounds. Shehata NAA. Potential Benefits and Dangers. Its important not to give raw honey to children under 1 year of age. Ingredients. Mens health has been closely linked to the amount of manganese in pineapple. But eating lots of colorful fruits and vegetables, including pineapple, is a good way to help prevent cancer and other health conditions, Zumpano says. Find out how pineapple stacks up on the glycemic index and how to add it to your. They may also help prevent recurrent BV infections. Khanjari Z, et al. It also nourishes your body with thiamine, which is why this fruit is an aphrodisiac. Therefore, binding the bone matrix cells together. Qin W, et al. The chemical in spicy foods, known as capsaicin, is able to thin mucus and act as a natural expectorant helping you enhance the expulsion of yucky mucus from the airways in your lungs. Research shows that soy dietary supplements can help improve vaginal dryness in postmenopausal women when compared to a placebo. Use the juice in fresh fruit smoothies or try taking pure cranberry pills. Store in the fridge and use within a week or so. Ciebiera M, et al. "Bromelain appears to produce substances that combat in pain and swelling." Consuming bromelain from pineapple might also help your skin heal after surgery or injury. Bromelain in pineapple can decrease nasal swelling and inflammation. Hospital, Chughtai While pineapple juice is beneficial as a cough remedy, there are other foods and drinks that can help soothe symptoms and speed up the healing process. Sounds like chemistry class, right? But the phytoestrogens compounds that mimic estrogen in the body found in soy are good news for vaginal health, especially in people with reduced estrogen levels. Mainly insomnia drugs, anticoagulants, antibiotics, and tricyclic antidepressants. This increased blood flow may help improve vaginal dryness and increase sexual arousal, which is never a bad thing. This article reviews the potential health benefits of pineapple for women. Comerford KB, et al. Dr. Zayed graduated from Alexandria University in 2010 with a faculty of medicine degree. FYRTORR LTD. (Reg. Probiotics for preventing recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Some of the most notable pineapple sexual benefits in men include: Increased libido Improved testosterone levels Better fertility chances Erectile dysfunction management Improved sexual stamina Better sexual smell Since this fruit nourishes the body with thiamine, it can also be a useful aphrodisiac for men. Generally, people should consume at least 5 servings of veggies and fruits daily. Preconception diet, fertility, and later health in pregnancy. Step 5: Sieve and decant the pineapple skin tea. This was recorded in controlled trials where bromelain was demonstrated to enhance recovery, and decrease exercise-induced inflammation and muscle damage. 4.5 5 - Pineapple And Banana Mask For Hairs. 2019 Apr. Article Contents 7 Foods That Cause Erectile Dysfunction 1) Dairy 2) Meat 3) Alcohol 4) [], Article Contents 6 Ways to GetStronger Erectionswithout ED Medication 1) Exercise 2) Diet 3) Stop [], Article Contents 1)Eat Protein 2)Regular Exercise 3)Avoid Sugar And Carbs 4)Manage Stress 5)Consume Healthy Fats [], Article Contents What causes Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder? The FDA is currently evaluating a new oral medication specifically designed to treat postpartum depression. Pineapples are rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids, two antioxidants that protect your cells from free radicals that can cause chronic disease. As a kid, my mom wasnt one to buy cookies or cakes her idea of dessert was fruit after dinner or, on the odd occasion, a homemade dessert that was packed with oats and raisins. Add vaginal health to their long list of health benefits. Copper is also needed for the development of your babys heart, blood vessels, and skeletal and nervous systems (15, 16). Icon Medical & Diagnostic Pineapple is also a good source of folate, which can help both the mother and the baby to stay healthy [3]. The excessive consumption may cause loose stools. All rights reserved. There are many reasons for decreased estrogen levels in the body, from medications to menopause. Nutrient-Rich. Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI. Type above and press Enter to search. Effects of sea buckthorn oil intake on vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. To get the health benefits of pineapple for females, we, females are able to consume the pineapple in a form of fresh fruit, juice, or jam. These potatoes have some sweet benefits, even for your vaginal health. Its not a new fact that we can have the Benefits of Pineapple Fruit for Diet Treatments. Pakistan, Rahim Yar Mix Onion Pineapple and Honey | Da Ghen Da Ghatawalo Nuskha Tariqa | Ghen Sanga Ghatge | Ghen Ghatwal| . Furthermore, exposure to high levels of manganese could impair male fertility. Just 1 cup (165 grams) of cubed pineapple provides 88% of the Daily Value (DV) for vitamin C. It also provides 5% of the DV for magnesium, which is also important for maintaining strong bones (1, 10, 11). It contains high amounts of thiamine and vitamin C. These are known for stimulating the happiness hormones and supplying the body with a hefty dose of energy. Biotechnol Res Int. Pineapple is an excellent fruit to add to your daily diet. Probiotic-rich food, including yogurt that contains certain Lactobacillus strains, is good for more than just your gut. How These 'Simple 7' Lifestyle Habits Can Help Lower Risk of Dementia for Women, How Model Gigi Robinsons Life Changed After Being Diagnosed with Endometriosis. Visit Marham to find and consult online with the top sexologist in Lahore or any other specialist you may want to consult. Horm Behav. Pineapple gets rid of free radicals and boosts the reproductive system. Research shows that probiotics may help reduce symptoms of BV, such as discharge and odor. Ingesting too much can cause side effects on reproduction and fertility in male and female mice. Discover ways to manage your symptoms of bacterial vaginosis (BV) with medications, antibiotics, and home treatments. The anti-inflammatory power in pineapple could soothe muscles and may help them recover more quickly, Zumpano says. This fruit is low in calories but has quite a remarkable nutrient profile. This is an enzyme mixture derived from the fruit, stem, and juice of the pineapple plant. Sweet potatoes are also high in fiber, which may help stabilize insulin levels in those with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Li Y, Wu J, Zhou W, Gao E. Effects of manganese on routine semen quality parameters: results from a population-based study in China. Another benefit of pineapples for men is that it can give the body a quick burst of energy. This bacterium helps keep your vaginal pH levels in check, helping to prevent the overgrowth of harmful bacteria. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Therefore, to relieve the pain, it is better for women to consume pineapple than taking the medicine as it will have fewer side effects regarding the monthly consumption. 3 Anti-Inflammatory Pineapple Boats You Need to Jump on Board With, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT. This fruit is abundant in Vitamin C, which is necessary for creating happy hormones. You can make a glass of fresh pineapple juice to drink. Its packed with essential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other helpful compounds that can protect against inflammation and disease (1, 2, 3). Rich in beta . What they found was that honey produced the most desirable effects, reducing both the severity and frequency of coughing, while promoting better sleep. Mohd Ali M, Hashim N, Abd Aziz S, Lasekan O. Pineapple (Ananas comosus): A comprehensive review of nutritional values, volatile compounds, health benefits, and potential food products. Pineapple juice may improve sperm smell, but it does not necessarily sweeten it. You still need to eat a healthy diet and include other veggies and fruits to promote overall health. In addition to the health benefits, the minerals in pineapple are also good for the reproduction such as zinc, copper, and folate. (10). Your vagina is pretty good at protecting and cleaning itself, though. It can also be gained from fruit especially pineapple. Khan, View All The truth is, there is more to pineapples than meets the eye. 11420039) is registered in UK, manufactures in the US and distributes globally. According to this study, a mixture of pineapple juice, honey, salt, and pepper reduced cough symptoms up to five times faster than over-the-counter (OTC) cough syrup. From a nutritional viewpoint, you will discover many elements that contribute to various pineapple benefits sexually. Using a few simple ingredients, you can whip up your very own cough syrup recipe that will help you and your family beat that stubborn cough, all while soothing your throat and boosting immune function. Smits RM, et al. Fights inflammation I have done Pharm-D from the University of Lahore. (2019). For starters, honey is able to soothe the back of the throat, breaking up mucus along the way. But popping pineapple into yourpost-workout smoothiemight help you get back to your training regimen a little sooner. Salt is another active ingredient, as many turn to salt therapy in times of need. 1999 Sep;2(3A):403-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10610080/. This fruit is especially rich in vitamin C. Vitamin C is crucial for growth, development, iron absorption, and immune health. It can also help with weight loss. The bromelain found in pineapple has also been shown to increase the effect of certain medications, including (29, 30, 31): As a result, if you take one of these medications, its recommended to talk with your healthcare provider about how much pineapple is safe for you to consume. The effects of nutrients on mood. Calcium versus oral contraceptive pills containing drospirenone for the treatment of mild to moderate premenstrual syndrome: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial. These are the beneficial bacteria you want in your gut and in your vagina. Dark leafy greens are blood-purifying and enhance circulation due to their many nutrients, including dietary nitrates. Physician, Ent To be fair, I would rather suffer through a painful cough then down a thick dose of cherry flavored syrup. Webb L. (2021). Cribby S, et al. The drugs, which are. Omega-3 fatty acids help with circulation and blood flow, which is good news for your sex drive. What Causes Swollen Labia and How Is It Treated? Here are six benefits of pineapple juice for the body: 1. May provide important nutrients during pregnancy. may enhance lubrication and estrogen levels, strengthen vaginal walls, and may even increase IVF success because of its monounsaturated fatty acid content though more research on the link between avocados and maternal health is needed. Since they help to. This fruit can increase your libido, act as an aphrodisiac, spike testosterone production, and more. It also contains bromelain, a group of enzymes that may reduce inflammation, improve digestion, and. (2016). Labs in Here are 6 easy ways to cut a, Pineapple juice contains a variety of vitamins, minerals, and beneficial plant compounds that may protect you from disease. Pineapple juice is a good source of: Manganese. (5) While a manganese deficiency can lead to a lack of libido and ejaculation. Pregnant women can benefit from pineapple in their diets. A mans libido often relies on manganese, so you should add more manganese-rich foods to your diet. . Kehinde OS, Christianah OI, Oyetunji OA. Head office - Fyrtorr Ltd 2nd Floor, 5-6 Underhill Street London NW1 7HS, UK, *DISCLAIMER: All testimonials are genuine, unedited and unsolicited comments by It can help with digestion. And since many female patients receiving breast cancer treatment might find their sexual desire to plummet, they can include some pineapple in their diet. Some studies suggest that testicular and erectile dysfunction is linked to low plasma vitamin C levels. Pineapple leaves contain bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. a mixture of enzymes, which offer both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Bromelain, an enzyme found in pineapple, can increase a mans sex desire by stimulating testosterone production. Medical Center, Iqra It also had a positive effect on the maintenance of sperm motility. Dr. Zayed has years of experience in the field and has been contributing to public health awareness. Surgeon, Neuro 8. But, there is not enough research to confirm this claim. There are ginger benefits sexually for women and men, including raising body temperature. Microbiota and malodorEtiology and management. A one-cup serving (165 grams) offers just 75 calories without any cholesterol, sodium or fat.While some of pineapples health claims need further study, theres no denying its loaded with nutrients that can boost your well-being. (2019). 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5871628/, El-Shazly SA, Ahmed MM, Al-Harbi MS, Alkafafy ME, El-Sawy HB, Amer SAM. 2016 Feb. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4720522/. With the added benefits of ginger and lemon, youll enhance the power of this all-natural remedy. Estrogen-deficient skin: The role of topical therapy. (6). For people with diabetes, the sweetness of pineapple may raise the blood pressure. Who knew that such a sweet and juicy delight could replace harsh cough syrups. The things that are good for one may be harmful to others. Eating it may be particularly advantageous for women because its high vitamin C content plays an important role in supporting healthy bones and reducing the risk of osteoporosis. Furthermore, pineapple provides nutrients, such as copper and several B vitamins, that are important during pregnancy. Acute protease supplementation effects on muscle damage and recovery across consecutive days of cycle racing. Pineapple juice may improve sperm smell, but it does not necessarily sweeten it. Consider talking with a doctor to rule out any underlying medical conditions. (2017). Some of the best foods you can eat to help treat your cough include: There are certain foods that you should avoid when you have a cough. Rzepecki AK, et al. Some of the most notable pineapple sexual benefits in men include: Since this fruit nourishes the body with thiamine, it can also be a useful aphrodisiac for men. 7. Press Esc to cancel. Besides, pineapple can also be beneficial for female health. But, more research on humans is necessary to confirm these results. It can also help improve your recovery from BV and reduce overall symptoms. (2014). Consuming the smoothies from the whole pineapple fruit is able to give your tummy a sense of fullness so that you can avoid cravings. Not only is pineapple delicious, but it has also been linked to many benefits, including improved digestion and boosted immunity. Water intake and diet modifications can also help, including adding Lactobacilli supplements a type of probiotic to your routine. 2021 Nov. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8709142/. Lab studies show that manganese at a concentration of 0.1 mM can support good sperm motility. A 2018 animal trial shows that pineapple juice can be used to avoid obesity. Its an irreversible condition that increases your risk of bone fractures, which can be quite debilitating and even require surgery (4, 5). However, research in humans is needed to confirm these effects. Place the fruit on the table and let it ripen before eating it. Luckily, I wont be making this choice anymore, now that I understand the true benefits of pineapple. After recruiting 105 children, researchers assigned them to one of three groups no treatment, one two-teaspoon dose of buckwheat honey, and a dose of honey-flavored dextromethorphan. Visit her at her blog or on Instagram. However, this effect has not yet been confirmed in humans (24). When it comes to pineapple and erectile dysfunction, its important to talk about vitamin C intake. FDA Considers Anti-Depressant for Postpartum Depression: What to Know, contain powerful acidic compounds to fight bacteria, contain plant compounds, vitamin E, and vitamin C to boost your immunity, contain high amounts of vitamin A and beta-carotene, which help prevent BV, contain fiber, which can regulate insulin levels in those with PCOS, can balance pH levels and introduce more good bacteria, can help ward off infections and improve recovery, help treat painful menstrual cramping with less risk of adverse reactions, promote circulation and may relieve vaginal dryness, improve blood flow and keeps cells healthy, reduce chances of developing uterine fibroid, contains plant-derived phytoestrogen beneficial to women with decreased estrogen levels, can help with vaginal dryness and benefits skin and blood vessel health in postmenopausal women, contain healthy fats, vitamin B6, and potassium, may enhance lubrication and strengthen vaginal walls, are naturally blood-purifying and enhance circulation, contain nitrates that may help prevent vaginal dryness, certain vitamins and supplements, such as. Hospital, Saleem We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Consumption of a cranberry juice beverage lowered the number of clinical urinary tract infection episodes in women with a recent history of urinary tract infection.